Month: February 2007

Albuminuria is a pathological condition where albumin is present in the urine. It is a type of proteinuria.   Measurement The amount of protein being lost in the urine can be quantified by collecting the urine for 24 hours, measuring a sample of the pooled urine, and extrapolating to the volume collected.   Causes of Albuminuria The kidneys normally filter out large molecules from the urine, so albuminuria can be an indicator of damage to the kidneys. It can also occur in patients with long-standing diabetes especially type 1 diabetes. Causes of albuminuria can be discriminated between by the amount …

A Bartholin’s cyst is formed when a Bartholin’s gland is blocked, causing a fluid-filled cyst to develop. A Bartholin’s cyst is not an infection, although it can be caused by an infection, inflammation, or physical blockage (mucus or other impediment) to the Bartholin’s ducts (tubes which lead from the glands to the vulva). If infection sets in, the result is a Bartholin’s abscess. If the infection is severe or repeated a surgical procedure known as marsupialization may be required to stop further recurrences. Bartholin’s cysts are most common in women aged 20-29, especially those who have never been pregnant or …

Ketonuria is a medical condition in which ketone bodies are present in the urine. It is seen in conditions in which the body produces excess ketones as an alternative source of energy. It is seen during starvation or more commonly in type I diabetes mellitus. Production of ketone bodies is a normal response to a shortage of glucose, meant to provide an alternate source of fuel from fatty acids. For instance, after 24 hours of fasting the blood will have increased levels of ketone bodies (called ketonemia or ketosis), but all of it will be used by the muscles and …

Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, abbreviated GN, is a renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys.[1] It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood resp. protein in the urine); or as a nephrotic syndrome, a nephritic syndrome, acute renal failure, or chronic renal failure. They are categorised into several different pathological patterns, which are broadly grouped into non-proliferative or proliferative types. Diagnosing the pattern of GN is important because the outcome and treatment differs in different types. Primary causes are one which are intrinsic to the kidney, whilst secondary causes …

Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, abbreviated GN, is a renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys.[1] It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria (blood resp. protein in the urine); or as a nephrotic syndrome, a nephritic syndrome, acute renal failure, or chronic renal failure. They are categorised into several different pathological patterns, which are broadly grouped into non-proliferative or proliferative types. Diagnosing the pattern of GN is important because the outcome and treatment differs in different types. Primary causes are one which are intrinsic to the kidney, whilst secondary causes …

A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra[1] caused by injury or disease such as urinary tract infections or other forms of urethritis. Presentation During the early stages of the condition, the subject may experience pain during urination and the inability to fully empty the bladder. It is not uncommon for the bladder’s capacity to significantly increase due to this inability to completely void. Urethral strictures may cause problems with urination, including in certain cases the complete inability to urinate, which is a medical emergency. Causes of Urethral stricture Urethral strictures are generally caused by either injury-related trauma to …